Poppies to Keep Us Awake

The World War I Poppy Memorial at the Tower of London

For us here in the United States the 11th of November is Veteran's Day; a moment to say thank you to the men and women who have served in the armed forces, and increasingly to recognize those still serving in uniform. But we have lost the reason why this day is different from all other days, so to speak. Today is the 96th anniversary of the ceasefire agreement on the Western front during World War I, and until 1954 we observed it as Armistice Day to reflect that connection. Even as child, long after Veterans Day supplanted the previous holiday, I can recall church bells ringing at 11am, a faint echo of remembrance that the fighting ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918. Here in the States this fact is lost on many people. But in Canada and England the observances still focus on this singular event.

And for good reason. England alone lost upwards of a million people, both military and civilian due to battle, war crimes and disease. Those young adults who were killed, as well as those who survived the experience are often called the Lost Generation. There was mourning for lives that never reached maturity as well for those who were able to carry on but had lost a sense of purpose and meaning in life. We have short memories on this side of the Pond, but even a hundred years after the war began the people of the United Kingdom, and much of the Commonwealth, are still enveloped with a pall of sadness over the destruction, both human and cultural, that resulted from the conflict.

But there was another casualty of World War I. If the Faith is dead, or at least dormant, in Europe today it is due to a great degree to the war. A profound existential doubt hit Western Culture over the years of 1914 to1918, and then was solidified by World War II resulting in people losing faith that there is a providential God who loves and guides human progress. If God is all loving why would he permit such suffering and destruction? What is the purpose of being born if life can be taken so swiftly and senselessly? Where is God in all this? For many, no satisfactory answer was found, so the churches emptied and the culture became increasingly secular. But does this reaction make sense?

While questioning one's faith in the face of calamity is more than understandable, in the particular case of the Great War, I would argue that it, along with World War II, were not religiously motivated conflicts, but came after periods of increased secularization and optimism in the ability of human progress to shape a bright, prosperous and peaceful future. In the second half of the previous century Germany, France and Italy had all undergone Church - State conflicts that saw the place of religious institution is public life greatly limited (some would call it a persecution). We can see here the beginnings of later totalitarianism in which the state claimed complete control over the loyalty and even wills of the people. Nietzsche saw that religion was on the retreat as a relevant cultural and social force, proclaiming the God was dead, and that it was our indifference that had "killed" Him.  The late 19th and early 20th century saw an explosion of world's fairs and exhibitions where the latest scientific and technological advancements were put on display. While many of the items being shown off were the latest turbines or industrial machines, there were also plenty of artillery pieces and other armaments. The industrial revolution had given birth to modern warfare and killing could be done wholesale.

World War I was the time when all the technology, all the political strategy and all the secular notions of progress were put into practice. Our faith was no longer in a providential God who needed to be obeyed, but in science and technology's ability to shape and manipulate nature and the state which would guide and control our lives from cradle to grave. The guiding principle was enlightened human reason's ability to control it all. If World War I was a failure it was in humanity's ability to shepherd itself.

The failure of the churches during this time was that they tended to go along with the notion, even implicetly, of boundless human progress, and in surrendering to nationalism that was the great tool used to stir up hate between the nations. Priests, bishops, ministers and preachers helped promote the war effort, and were really dupes. Yes, there were voices like Pope Benedict XV calling for peace and reconciliation between peoples, but far too many churchmen, both Catholic and Protestant, were preaching "praise the Lord and pass the ammunition."

The church, in the broad sense of the word, has learned from this experience. While not nearly all religious people are pacifists, I do believe that most know that war is not to be glorified and the men and women who served need to be cared for, and not shepherded to their deaths on behalf of blind nationalism. We also know, I hope, the difference between patriotism and nationalism; one being a love of country and the other a love of the state (maybe a discussion for another day).

But otherwise the broader culture has doubled down on stupid. We still believe that science, technology and government are our saviors, in spite of the 20th Century's atomic bombs, gulags and genocides, which used man made tools meant to save us rather to destroy and dominate. Some may point to Islamic terrorism as a sign of how religion motivates wars and conflict, but if we look closely can anyone honestly say that ISIS is motivated by faith, or is religion being used as an excuse for political conquest? Again, a discussion for another day.

The people of England still mourn a century later. There is a temporary memorial made up of clay poppies filling the moat of the Tower of London; one for each life lost by that country. The public out pouring as been overwhelming, with thousands of people coming to visit the site everyday for the past several months. Poppies are usually associated with opium, sleep and forgetfulness. Here they are meant to keep us awake and remembering. But what we remember is important. As Christians we need to remember that we are at the service of the One Lord, Jesus Christ, and while we love our country, we are not slaves of the state. For the entire culture science, technology and sound government are tools that are not goods in and of themselves, but need to be guided by deeper principles rooted in faith, or else all manner of atrocity is possible.

While the memorial's reference to the blood spilled in the poppy fields of Belgium is obvious, the way they appear to be cascading out of a window of the Tower is reminiscent of the blood flowing from our Saviour's wounded side. England, Europe and all Western Civilization suffered a passion in the 20th Century. I pray that we may all soon experience a resurrection of the Faith.

Pondering Evil, Yet Again, Wearily

The Old Testament prophets tended to be very harsh when times were good.  They tried to remind people that life wasn't all about parties and wealth creation; that in the midst of the fat years there were still poor people not sharing in the prosperity, and not to be deluded into thinking that wealth, pleasure and power were substitutes for God.  The prophets reminded Judah and Israel that all things pass, and that chastisements eventually come for injustices and immoralities, so they shouldn't come to depend on their excess, and make a good examination of conscience.  Then, once the bottom fell out they changed tone, assuring the people that God hadn't abandoned them and the present trials wouldn't last forever.  In other words, they didn't kick people when they were down.  For us today religious figures who come out after a tragedy and get their Isaiah up, blaming a terrorist attack, a natural disaster or some other traumatic event that takes human lives on the sins of the people comes off as cruelly tone deaf.

We are still left with questions though.  We are not so accustomed to having the prophetic finger pointed at us as we are to point the finger at God, asking, "where were you?"  I weary of the question, not because it's a bad one, but because it has no response that can satisfy us.  The standard Thomistic answer is that God permits evil so that a greater good can come out of it.  In the big picture this is true, but I doubt that this explanation would make any sense to the parents who just lost their eight year old son in Copley Square.

I have adult nieces, some of whom work in and around Boston, one of whom is an RM who was called in to help at a hospital in the city treating victims.  After thanking the Lord that "all the girls are where they're supposed to be," as my father put it, I felt heart broken.  My eldest niece, the nurse, works in a children's burn hospital.  She sees terrible things on a day to day basis already, and all I could think of were the fresh hells she was being subjected to now.  She'll be thirty in a few months, but all I could see in my mind's eye was the baby wrapped up tight the way they do in hospital nurseries.  I still thought of her, and the others, as they were as children.  We want to protect our children from ugly things, and now it's impossible.  Even though they're not children anymore, it's a helpless feeling, to say the least.

I long ago reconciled myself with the problem of evil.  That people make wicked choices doesn't effect my faith in God.  That God permits evil is wrapped up in the gift of freedom; that He allows us to do good and accept Him means that he also allows us to do wrong.  Without that possibility we are slaves.  It doesn't mean my heart wasn't in my throat thinking about what could have happened if someone I loved was where they "weren't supposed to be" at 2:50pm Monday.  It doesn't mean I didn't feel rage seeing what had happened to people I've never met.

As for the cosmic reasons, I thought about when people came to Jesus asking about an incident when Pilate had slaughtered a group of Jews indiscriminately (Luke 13:1-5).  Jesus told them that they, and an unfortunate 18 who had died when a tower fell on them, were not singled out for destruction because they were "greater sinners" than anyone else.  He instead pointed out the need to repent for everyone, because murderous tyrants, falling towers or terrorists' bombs don't discriminate.  Evil is a part of our human condition.  We work for justice and peace, but mustn't be shaken in our faith when there are those who are for war.  It is for us to walk in the light of Christ so that we are always ready to meet him.  We pray for a happy, provided for exit from this life, but are ready for the unexpected.

In the end words do not suffice.  I do not know what greater good can possibly come out of this.  I was not there when God created the stars and set the earth on it's foundations, as He reminded Job when he asked a similar question.  I, like most of us, am numbed by the evil, and take solace in the random acts of kindness and heroism of performed by ordinary people on the scene.  And while these victims were certainly not being punished for their sins or those of their fathers and mothers, I am convinced that this darkness that covers us right now won't lift until we return to the Lord with sincere hearts and a repentant spirit.